Abstract
According to several psychological and economic studies, non-binding communication can be an effective tool to increase trust and enhance cooperation. This paper focuses on reasons why people stick to a given promise and analyzes to what extent image concerns of being perceived as a promise breaker play a role. In a controlled laboratory experiment, we vary the ex post observability of the promising party's action in order to test for social image concerns. We observe that slightly more promises are kept if the action is revealed than if it is not, yet the difference is not significant. However, a variation in the selection of pre-defined messages across treatments delivers another interesting finding. While most of the promises are kept, statements of intent tend to be broken.
Dokumententyp: | Paper |
---|---|
Keywords: | Promises, communication, social image concerns, guilt, shame, behavioral economics, experiment |
Fakultät: | Volkswirtschaft
Volkswirtschaft > Munich Discussion Papers in Economics |
Themengebiete: | 300 Sozialwissenschaften > 330 Wirtschaft |
JEL Classification: | C70, C91, D03, D82 |
URN: | urn:nbn:de:bvb:19-epub-20861-0 |
Sprache: | Englisch |
Dokumenten ID: | 20861 |
Datum der Veröffentlichung auf Open Access LMU: | 19. Mai 2014, 11:07 |
Letzte Änderungen: | 08. Nov. 2020, 11:16 |
Literaturliste: | Andreoni, J., Bernheim, B., 2009. Social Image and the 50-50 Norm: A Theoretical and Experimental Analysis of Audience Effects. Econometrica 77 (5), 1607-1636. Andreoni, J., Rao, J. M., 2011. The Power of Asking: How Communication Affects Selfishness, Empathy, and Altruism. Journal of Public Economics 95, 513-520. Apsler, R., 1975. Effects of Embarrassment on Behavior Toward Others. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 32 (1), 145-153. Ariely, D., Bracha, A., Meier, S., 2009. Doing Good or Doing Well? Image Motivation and Monetary Incentives in Behaving Prosocially. The American Economic Review 99 (1), 544-555. Batigalli, P., Dufwenberg, M., 2007. Guilt in Games. The American Economic Review 97 (2), 170-176. Beck, A., Kerschbamer, R., Qiu, J., Sutter, M., 2013. Guilt Aversion and the Impact of Promises and Money-Burning Options. Games and Economic Behavior, 81, 145-164. Blume, A., Ortmann, A., 2007. The Effects of Costless Pre-Play Communication: Experimental Evidence from Games with Pareto-Ranked Equilibria. Journal of Economic Theory 132, 274-290. Bochet, O., Putterman, L., 2009. Not Just Babble: Opening the Black Box of Communication in a Voluntary Contribution Experiment. European Economic Review 53, 309-326. Bracht, J., Regner, T., 2011. Moral Emotions and Partnership. Jena Economics Research Papers 2011-028. Broberg, T., Ellingsen, T., Johannesson, M., 2007. Is Generosity Involuntary? Economics Letters 94, 32-37. Camera, G., Casari, M., Bigoni, M., 2011. Communication, Commitment, and Deception in Social Dilemmas: Experimental Evidence. Universita di Bologna, Department of Economics, Working Paper DSE 751. Carpenter, J., Myers, C.K., 2010. Why Volunteer? Evidence on the Role of Altruism, Image, and Incentives. Journal of Public Economics 94, 911-920. Charness, G., Dufwenberg, M., 2006. Promises and Partnership. Econometrica 74 (6), 1579-1601. Charness, G., Dufwenberg, M., 2008. Broken Promises: An Experiment. UCSB, Working Paper. Charness, G., Dufwenberg, M., 2010. Bare Promises: An Experiment. Economics Letters 107, 281-283. Cooper, R., DeJong, D.V., Forsythe, R., Ross, T.W., 1992. Communication in Coordination Games. The Quarterly Journal of Economics 107 (2), 739-771. Dana, J., Cain, D., Dawes, R., 2006. What You Don't Know Won't Hurt Me: Costly (but Quiet) Exit in Dictator Games. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes 100 (2), 193-201. Dana, J., Weber, R., Kuang, J., 2007. Exploiting Moral Wiggle Room: Experiments Demonstrating an Illusory Preference for Fairness. Economic Theory 33 (1), 67-80. DellaVigna, S., List, J.A., Malmendier, U., 2012. Testing for Altruism and Social Pressure in Charitable Giving. The Quarterly Journal of Economics 127 (1), 1-56. Dohmen, T., Falk, A., Huffman, D., Sunde, U., Schupp, J., Wagner, G., 2011. Individual Risk Attitudes: Measurement, Determinants and Behavioral Consequences. Journal of the European Economic Association, 9(3), 522-550. Ellingsen, T., Johannesson, M., 2004. Promises, Threats and Fairness. The Economic Journal 114, 397-420. Ellingsen, T., Johannesson, M., Tjotta, S., Torsvik, G., 2010. Testing Guilt Aversion. Games and Economic Behavior 68, 95-107. Ellingsen, T., Östling, R., 2010. When Does Communication Improve Coordination? American Economic Review 100, 1695-1724. Fischbacher, U., 2007. Z-Tree: Zurich Toolbox for Readymade Economic Experiments. Experimental Economics 10 (2), 171-178. Fischbacher, U., Föllmi-Heusi, F., 2013. Lies in Disguise. An Experimental Study on Cheating. Journal of the European Economic Association, 11(3), 525-547. Glasnapp, D., Poggio, J., 1985. Essentials of Statistical Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences. Columbus: Merrill. Greiner, B., 2004. An Online Recruitment System for Economic Experiments. Forschung und wissenschaftliches Rechnen 2003, GWDG Bericht 63. Gesellschaft für Wissenschaftliche Datenverarbeitung, Göttingen, 79-93. Grossman, Z., 2010a. Self-Signaling Versus Social-Signaling in Giving. UCSB, Working Paper. Grossman, Z., 2010b. Strategic Ignorance and the Robustness of Social Preferences. UCSB, Working Paper. Güth, W., Huck, S., Ockenfels, P., 1996. Two-Level Ultimatum Bargaining with Incomplete Information: An Experimental Study. The Economic Journal 106 (436), 593-604. Hurkens, S., Kartik, N., 2009. Would I Lie to You? On Social Preferences and Lying Aversion. Experimental Economics 12 (2), 180-192. Ismayilov, H., Potters, J.M., 2012, Promises as Commitments. CentER Discussion Paper No. 2012-064. Koch, A.K., Normann, H.-T., 2008. Giving in Dictator Games: Regard for Others or Regard by Others? Southern Economic Journal 75 (1), 223-231. Kriss, P.H., Blume, A., Weber, R.A., 2011. Coordination, Efficiency and Pre-Play Communication with Forgone Costly Messages. University of Zurich, Working Paper No. 34. Lacetera, N., Macis, M., 2010. Social Image Concerns and Prosocial Behavior: Field Evidence from a Nonlinear Incentive Scheme. Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization 76, 225-237. Larson, T., Capra, C.M., 2009. Exploiting Moral Wiggle Room: Illusory Preference for Fairness? A Comment. Judgment and Decision Making 4 (6), 467-474. Lewis, M., 1995. Embarrassment: The emotion of self-exposure and evaluation. Tangney, June Price (Ed); Fischer, Kurt W. (Ed). Self-conscious emotions: The psychology of shame, guilt, embarrassment, and pride. New York, NY, US: Guilford Press, xvii, 198-218. Linardi, S., McConnell, M. A., 2008. Volunteering and Image Concerns. California Institute of Technology, Social Science Working Paper No. 1282. Lundquist, T., Ellingsen, T., Gribbe, E., Johannesson, M., 2009. The Aversion to Lying. Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization 70, 81-92. Mazar, N., Amir, O., Ariely, D., 2008. The Dishonesty of Honest People: A Theory of Self-Concept Maintenance. Journal of Marketing Research 45 (6), 633-644. Mohlin, E., Johannesson, M., 2008. Communication: Content or Relationship? Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization 65, 409-419. Scheff, T.J., 1988. Shame and Conformity: The Deference-Emotion System. American Sociological Review 53 (3), 395-406. Smith, R.H., Webster, J.M., Parrott, W.G., Eyre, H.L., 2002 The Role of Public Exposure in Moral and Nonmoral Shame and Guilt. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 83 (1), 138-159. Tadelis, S., 2011. The Power of Shame and the Rationality of Trust. Working Paper. Tangney, J.P., 1995. Shame and Guilt in Interpersonal Relationships. Tangney, June Price (Ed); Fischer, Kurt W. (Ed). Self-conscious emotions: The psychology of shame, guilt, embarrassment, and pride. New York, NY, US: Guilford Press, xvii, 114-139. Vanberg, C., 2008. Why Do People Keep Their Promises? An Experimental Test of Two Explanations. Econometrica 76 (6), 1467-1480. |