A comprehensive Monte Carlo study of out-of-field secondary neutron spectra in a scanned-beam proton therapy gantry room

Englbrecht, Franz S.; Trinkl, Sebastian; Mares, Vladimir; Ruehm, Werner; Wielunski, Marek; Wilkens, Jan J.; Hillbrand, Martin und Parodi, Katia (2021): A comprehensive Monte Carlo study of out-of-field secondary neutron spectra in a scanned-beam proton therapy gantry room. In: Zeitschrift für Medizinische Physik, Bd. 31, Nr. 2: S. 215-228

Abstract

Purpose: To simulate secondary neutron radiation fields that had been measured at different relative positions during phantom irradiation inside a scanning proton therapy gantry treatment room. Further, to identify origin, energy distribution, and angular emission of the secondary neutrons as a function of proton beam energy. Methods: The FLUKA Monte Carlo code was used to model the relevant parts of the treatment room in a scanned pencil beam proton therapy gantry including shielding walls, floor, major metallic gantry-components, patient table, and a homogeneous PMMA target. The proton beams were modeled based on experimental beam ranges in water and spot shapes in air. Neutron energy spectra were simulated at 0 degrees, 45 degrees, 90 degrees and 135 degrees relative to the beam axis at 2 m distance from isocenter for monoenergetic 11 x 11 cm(2) fields from 200 Me V, 140 Me V, 75 MeV initial proton beams, as well as for 118 MeV protons with a 5 cm thick PMMA range shifter. The total neutron spectra were scored for these four positions and proton energies. FLUKA neutron spectra simulations were crosschecked with Geant4 simulations using initial proton beam properties from FLUKA-generated phase spaces. Additionally, the room-components generating secondary neutrons in the room and their contributions to the total spectrum were identified and quantified. Results: FLUKA and Geant4 simulated neutron spectra showed good general agreement with published measurements in the whole simulated neutron energy range of 10(-10) to 10(3) MeV. As in previous studies, high-energy (E >= 19.6 MeV) neutrons from the phantom are most prevalent along 0 degrees, while thermalized ( I meV <= E <0.4 eV) and fast ( 100 keV <= E < 19.4 MeV) neutrons dominate the spectra in the lateral and backscatter direction. The iron of the large bending magnet and its counterweight mounted on the gantry were identified as the most determinant sources of secondary fast-neutrons, which have been lacking in simplified room simulations. Conclusions: The results helped disentangle the origin of secondary neutrons and their dominant contributions and were strengthened by the fact that a cross comparison was made using two independent Monte Carlo codes. The complexity of such room model can in future be limited using the result. They may further be generalized in that they can be used for an assessment of neutron fields, possibly even at facilities where detailed neutron measurements and simulations cannot be performed. They may also help to design future proton therapy facilities and to reduce unwanted radiation doses from secondary neutrons to patients.

• Dokumententyp: Zeitschriftenartikel
• Fakultät: Physik
• Themengebiete: 500 Naturwissenschaften und Mathematik > 530 Physik
• ISSN: 0939-3889
• Sprache: Englisch