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Le Borgne, Julie; Gomez, Lissette; Heikkinen, Sami ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6083-2402; Amin, Najaf ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8944-1771; Ahmad, Shahzad ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8658-3790; Choi, Seung Hoan; Bis, Joshua ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3409-1110; Grenier-Boley, Benjamin; Rodriguez, Omar Garcia; Kleineidam, Luca ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0006-3309-6856; Young, Juan ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3923-6016; Tripathi, Kumar Parijat ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3998-599X; Wang, Lily; Varma, Achintya; Campos-Martin, Rafael ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1395-8571; Lee, Sven van der ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1606-8643; Damotte, Vincent ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7321-8575; Rojas, Itziar de ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2148-381X; Palmal, Sagnik; Lipton, Richard; Reiman, Eric ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0705-3696; McKee, Ann; Jager, Philip De; Bush, William ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9729-6519; Small, Scott ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4777-1502; Levey, Allan ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3153-502X; Saykin, Andrew ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1376-8532; Foroud, Tatiana; Albert, Marilyn; Hyman, Bradley; Petersen, Ronald ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8178-6601; Younkin, Steven; Sano, Mary; Wisniewski, Thomas ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3379-8966; Vassar, Robert; Schneider, Julie ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9482-1752; Henderson, Victor ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1198-9240; Roberson, Erik; DeCarli, Charles; LaFerla, Frank ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2324-6911; Brewer, James; Swerdlow, Russell ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2948-7230; Eldik, Linda Van ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8139-6400; Hamilton-Nelson, Kara; Paulson, Henry; Naj, Adam ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9621-2942; Lopez, Oscar ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8546-8256; Chui, Helena; Crane, Paul; Grabowski, Thomas; Kukull, Walter; Asthana, Sanjay; Craft, Suzanne; Strittmatter, Stephen ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8188-3092; Cruchaga, Carlos; Leverenz, James ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0896-0749; Goate, Alison ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0576-2472; Kamboh, M. Ilyas ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3453-1438; George-Hyslop, Peter St; Valladares, Otto ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8055-2187; Kuzma, Amanda ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6064-5420; Cantwell, Laura; Riemenschneider, Matthias; Morris, John; Slifer, Susan; Dalmasso, Carolina ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4901-9955; Castillo, Atahualpa; Küçükali, Fahri ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3835-9639; Peters, Oliver; Schneider, Anja ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9540-8700; Dichgans, Martin ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0654-387X; Rujescu, Dan ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1432-313X; Scherbaum, Norbert ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1759-6990; Deckert, Jürgen; Riedel-Heller, Steffi ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4321-6090; Hausner, Lucrezia ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9009-2356; Molina-Porcel, Laura ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4068-8578; Düzel, Emrah; Grimmer, Timo; Wiltfang, Jens ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1492-5330; Heilmann-Heimbach, Stefanie ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1057-465X; Moebus, Susanne ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0072-5410; Tegos, Thomas; Scarmeas, Nikolaos; Dols-Icardo, Oriol ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2656-8748; Moreno, Fermin ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5200-3164; Pérez-Tur, Jordi ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9111-1712; Bullido, María J. ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6477-1117; Pastor, Pau ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7493-8777; Sánchez-Valle, Raquel; Álvarez, Victoria ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1916-2523; Boada, Mercè ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2617-3009; García-González, Pablo ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0125-5403; Puerta, Raquel ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1191-5893; Mir, Pablo ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1656-302X; Real, Luis M. ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4932-7429; Piñol-Ripoll, Gerard; García-Alberca, Jose María ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2951-6644; Royo, Jose Luís; Rodriguez-Rodriguez, Eloy ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7742-677X; Soininen, Hilkka ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2785-9937; Mendonça, Alexandre de; Mehrabian, Shima; Traykov, Latchezar; Hort, Jakub ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1080-3726; Vyhnalek, Martin; Thomassen, Jesper Qvist ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3484-9531; Pijnenburg, Yolande A. L.; Holstege, Henne ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7688-3087; Swieten, John van; Ramakers, Inez; Verhey, Frans; Scheltens, Philip ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1046-6408; Graff, Caroline; Papenberg, Goran; Giedraitis, Vilmantas ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3423-2021; Boland, Anne ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8789-5676; Deleuze, Jean-François; Nicolas, Gael ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9391-7800; Dufouil, Carole ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2442-4476; Pasquier, Florence ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9880-9788; Hanon, Olivier; Debette, Stéphanie ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8675-7968; Grünblatt, Edna ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8505-7265; Popp, Julius; Ghidoni, Roberta ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7691-1957; Galimberti, Daniela ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9284-5953; Arosio, Beatrice ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0615-3580; Mecocci, Patrizia ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0729-5246; Solfrizzi, Vincenzo ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8524-0315; Parnetti, Lucilla ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5722-3967; Squassina, Alessio ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7415-7607; Tremolizzo, Lucio; Borroni, Barbara; Nacmias, Benedetta ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9338-9040; Spallazzi, Marco; Seripa, Davide; Rainero, Innocenzo; Daniele, Antonio; Bossù, Paola ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1432-0078; Masullo, Carlo; Rossi, Giacomina; Jessen, Frank; Fernandez, Victoria; Kehoe, Patrick Gavin ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7542-1139; Frikke-Schmidt, Ruth ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4084-5027; Tsolaki, Magda ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2072-8010; Sánchez-Juan, Pascual; Sleegers, Kristel ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0283-2332; Ingelsson, Martin; Haines, Jonathan ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4351-4728; Farrer, Lindsay ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5533-4225; Mayeux, Richard ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6519-9696; Wang, Li-San; Sims, Rebecca ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3885-1199; DeStefano, Anita; Schellenberg, Gerard D.; Seshadri, Sudha ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6135-2622; Amouyel, Philippe ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9088-234X; Williams, Julie ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4069-0259; Flier, Wiesje van der ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8766-6224; Ramirez, Alfredo ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4991-763X; Pericak-Vance, Margaret; Andreassen, Ole A. ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4461-3568; Duijn, Cornelia M. van ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2374-9204; Hiltunen, Mikko; Ruiz, Agustín ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2633-2495; Dupuis, Josée ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2871-3603; Martin, Eden; Lambert, Jean-Charles ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0829-7817; Kunkle, Brian und Bellenguez, Céline ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1240-7874 (2024): X‐chromosome-wide association study for Alzheimer’s disease. In: Molecular Psychiatry [Forthcoming] [PDF, 4MB]

Abstract

Due to methodological reasons, the X-chromosome has not been featured in the major genome-wide association studies on Alzheimer’s Disease (AD). To address this and better characterize the genetic landscape of AD, we performed an in-depth X-Chromosome-Wide Association Study (XWAS) in 115,841 AD cases or AD proxy cases, including 52,214 clinically-diagnosed AD cases, and 613,671 controls. We considered three approaches to account for the different X-chromosome inactivation (XCI) states in females, i.e. random XCI, skewed XCI, and escape XCI. We did not detect any genome-wide significant signals (P ≤ 5 × 10−8) but identified seven X-chromosome-wide significant loci (P ≤ 1.6 × 10−6). The index variants were common for the Xp22.32, FRMPD4, DMD and Xq25 loci, and rare for the WNK3, PJA1, and DACH2 loci. Overall, this well-powered XWAS found no genetic risk factors for AD on the non-pseudoautosomal region of the X-chromosome, but it identified suggestive signals warranting further investigations.

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