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Heneka, Michael T. ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8766-6224; Flier, Wiesje M. van der; Jessen, Frank; Hoozemanns, Jeroen; Thal, Dietmar Rudolf ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1036-1075; Boche, Delphine ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5884-130X; Brosseron, Frederic ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3137-7516; Teunissen, Charlotte ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4061-0837; Zetterberg, Henrik; Jacobs, Andreas H.; Edison, Paul ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6551-2002; Ramirez, Alfredo ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4991-763X; Cruchaga, Carlos; Lambert, Jean-Charles ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0829-7817; Laza, Agustin Ruiz ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2633-2495; Sanchez-Mut, Jose Vicente ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9292-8521; Fischer, Andre ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8546-1161; Castro-Gomez, Sergio ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1581-474X; Stein, Thor D.; Kleineidam, Luca ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0006-3309-6856; Wagner, Michael ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2589-6440; Neher, Jonas J.; Cunningham, Colm; Singhrao, Sim K.; Prinz, Marco ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0349-1955; Glass, Christopher K.; Schlachetzki, Johannes C. M.; Butovsky, Oleg; Kleemann, Kilian; Jaeger, Philip L. De ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8057-2505; Scheiblich, Hannah; Brown, Guy C. ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3610-1730; Landreth, Gary ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8808-424X; Moutinho, Miguel ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0525-9145; Grutzendler, Jaime ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5000-243X; Gomez-Nicola, Diego ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5316-2682; McManus, Róisín M. ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6896-0302; Andreasson, Katrin ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8391-4155; Ising, Christina ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7267-3488; Karabag, Deniz; Baker, Darren J.; Liddelow, Shane A. ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0840-1437; Verkhratsky, Alexei ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2592-9898; Tansey, Malu ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1719-4708; Monsonego, Alon ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4888-7865; Aigner, Ludwig ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1653-8046; Dorothée, Guillaume ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5763-3632; Nave, Klaus-Armin ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8724-9666; Simons, Mikael; Constantin, Gabriela ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8978-3539; Rosenzweig, Neta; Pascual, Alberto ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5459-6207; Petzold, Gabor C. ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0145-8641; Kipnis, Jonathan ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3714-517X; Venegas, Carmen; Colonna, Marco ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5222-4987; Walter, Jochen ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4678-2912; Tenner, Andrea J. ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3000-024X; O’Banion, M. Kerry ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1246-3363; Steinert, Joern R.; Feinstein, Douglas L.; Sastre, Magdalena ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8931-6316; Bhaskar, Kiran ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6064-8106; Hong, Soyon ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5744-4871; Schafer, Dorothy P.; Golde, Todd; Ransohoff, Richard M. ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0175-6910; Morgan, David ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1224-7476; Breitner, John; Mancuso, Renzo ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7046-3348 und Riechers, Sean-Patrick ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6933-9174 (2024): Neuroinflammation in Alzheimer disease. In: Nature Reviews Immunology [Forthcoming]

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Abstract

Increasing evidence points to a pivotal role of immune processes in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer disease, which is the most prevalent neurodegenerative and dementia-causing disease of our time. Multiple lines of information provided by experimental, epidemiological, neuropathological and genetic studies suggest a pathological role for innate and adaptive immune activation in this disease. Here, we review the cell types and pathological mechanisms involved in disease development as well as the influence of genetics and lifestyle factors. Given the decade-long preclinical stage of Alzheimer disease, these mechanisms and their interactions are driving forces behind the spread and progression of the disease. The identification of treatment opportunities will require a precise understanding of the cells and mechanisms involved as well as a clear definition of their temporal and topographical nature. We will also discuss new therapeutic strategies for targeting neuroinflammation, which are now entering the clinic and showing promise for patients.

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