Stahl, Eli A.; Breen, Gerome; Forstner, Andreas J.; McQuillin, Andrew; Ripke, Stephan; Trubetskoy, Vassily; Mattheisen, Manuel; Wang, Yunpeng; Coleman, Jonathan R. I.; Gaspar, Helena A.; de Leeuw, Christiaan A.; Steinberg, Stacy; Pavlides, Jennifer M. Whitehead; Trzaskowski, Maciej; Byrne, Enda M.; Pers, Tune H.; Holmans, Peter A.; Richards, Alexander L.; Abbott, Liam; Agerbo, Esben; Akil, Huda; Albani, Diego; Alliey-Rodriguez, Ney; Als, Thomas D.; Anjorin, Adebayo; Antilla, Verneri; Awasthi, Swapnil; Badner, Judith A.; Baekvad-Hansen, Marie; Barchas, Jack D.; Bass, Nicholas; Bauer, Michael; Belliveau, Richard; Bergen, Sarah E.; Pedersen, Carsten Bocker; Boen, Erlend; Boks, Marco P.; Boocock, James; Budde, Monika; Bunney, William; Burmeister, Margit; Bybjerg-Grauholm, Jonas; Byerley, William; Casas, Miquel; Cerrato, Felecia; Cervantes, Pablo; Chambert, Kimberly; Charney, Alexander W.; Chen, Danfeng; Churchhouse, Claire; Clarke, Toni-Kim; Coryell, William; Craig, David W.; Cruceanu, Cristiana; Curtis, David; Czerski, Piotr M.; Dale, Anders M.; de Jong, Simone; Degenhardt, Franziska; Del-Favero, Jurgen; DePaulo, J. Raymond; Djurovic, Srdjan; Dobbyn, Amanda L.; Dumont, Ashley; Elvsashagen, Torbjorn; Escott-Price, Valentina; Fan, Chun Chieh; Fischer, Sascha B.; Flickinger, Matthew; Foroud, Tatiana M.; Forty, Liz; Frank, Josef; Fraser, Christine; Freimer, Nelson B.; Frisen, Louise; Gade, Katrin; Gage, Diane; Garnham, Julie; Giambartolomei, Claudia; Pedersen, Marianne Giortz; Goldstein, Jaqueline; Gordon, Scott D.; Gordon-Smith, Katherine; Green, Elaine K.; Green, Melissa J.; Greenwood, Tiffany A.; Grove, Jakob; Guan, Weihua; Guzman-Parra, Jose; Hamshere, Marian L.; Hautzinger, Martin; Heilbronner, Urs; Herms, Stefan; Hipolito, Maria; Hoffmann, Per; Holland, Dominic; Huckins, Laura; Jamain, Stephane; Johnson, Jessica S.; Jureus, Anders; Kandaswamy, Radhika; Karlsson, Robert; Kennedy, James L.; Kittel-Schneider, Sarah; Knowles, James A.; Kogevinas, Manolis; Koller, Anna C.; Kupka, Ralph; Lavebratt, Catharina; Lawrence, Jacob; Lawson, William B.; Leber, Markus; Lee, Phil H.; Levy, Shawn E.; Li, Jun Z.; Liu, Chunyu; Lucae, Susanne; Maaser, Anna; MacIntyre, Donald J.; Mahon, Pamela B.; Maier, Wolfgang; Martinsson, Lina; McCarroll, Steve; McGuffin, Peter; McInnis, Melvin G.; Mckay, James D.; Medeiros, Helena; Medland, Sarah E.; Meng, Fan; Milani, Lili; Montgomery, Grant W.; Morris, Derek W.; Muhleisen, Thomas W.; Mullins, Niamh; Nguyen, Hoang; Nievergelt, Caroline M.; Adolfsson, Annelie Nordin; Nwulia, Evaristus A.; O'Donovan, Claire; Loohuis, Loes M. Olde; Ori, Anil P. S.; Oruc, Lilijana; Osby, Urban; Perlis, Roy H.; Perry, Amy; Andrea, Pfennig; Potash, James B.; Purcell, Shaun M.; Regeer, Eline J.; Reif, Andreas; Reinbold, Celine S.; Rice, John P.; Rivas, Fabio; Rivera, Margarita; Roussos, Panos; Ruderfer, Douglas M.; Ryu, Euijung; Sanchez-Mora, Cristina; Schatzberg, Alan F.; Scheftner, William A.; Schork, Nicholas J.; Weickert, Cynthia Shannon; Shehktman, Tatyana; Shilling, Paul D.; Sigurdsson, Engilbert; Slaney, Claire; Smeland, Olav B.; Sobell, Janet L.; Hansen, Christine Soholm; Spijker, Anne T.; St Clair, David; Steffens, Michael; Strauss, John S.; Streit, Fabian; Strohmaier, Jana; Szelinger, Szabolcs; Thompson, Robert C.; Thorgeirsson, Thorgeir E.; Treutlein, Jens; Vedder, Helmut; Wang, Weiqing; Watson, Stanley J.; Weickert, Thomas W.; Witt, Stephanie H.; Xi, Simon; Xu, Wei; Young, Allan H.; Zandi, Peter; Zhang, Peng; Zollner, Sebastian; Adolfsson, Rolf; Agartz, Ingrid; Alda, Martin; Backlund, Lena; Baune, Bernhard T.; Bellivier, Frank; Berrettini, Wade H.; Biernacka, Joanna M.; Blackwood, Douglas H. R.; Boehnke, Michael; Borglum, Anders D.; Corvin, Aiden; Craddock, Nicholas; Daly, Mark J.; Dannlowski, Udo; Esko, Tonu; Etain, Bruno; Frye, Mark; Fullerton, Janice M.; Gershon, Elliot S.; Gill, Michael; Goes, Fernando; Grigoroiu-Serbanescu, Maria; Hauser, Joanna; Hougaard, David M.; Hultman, Christina M.; Jones, Ian; Jones, Lisa A.; Kahn, Rene S.; Kirov, George; Landen, Mikael; Leboyer, Marion; Lewis, Cathryn M.; Li, Qingqin S.; Lissowska, Jolanta; Martin, Nicholas G.; Mayoral, Fermin; McElroy, Susan L.; McIntosh, Andrew M.; McMahon, Francis J.; Melle, Ingrid; Metspalu, Andres; Mitchell, Philip B.; Morken, Gunnar; Mors, Ole; Mortensen, Preben Bo; Muller-Myhsok, Bertram; Myers, Richard M.; Neale, Benjamin M.; Nimgaonkar, Vishwajit; Nordentoft, Merete; Noethen, Markus M.; O'Donovan, Michael C.; Oedegaard, Ketil J.; Owen, Michael J.; Paciga, Sara A.; Pato, Carlos; Pato, Michele T.; Posthuma, Danielle; Ramos-Quiroga, Josep Antoni; Ribases, Marta; Rietschel, Marcella; Rouleau, Guy A.; Schalling, Martin; Schofield, Peter R.; Schulze, Thomas G.; Serretti, Alessandro; Smoller, Jordan W.; Stefansson, Hreinn; Stefansson, Kari; Stordal, Eystein; Sullivan, Patrick F.; Turecki, Gustavo; Vaaler, Arne E.; Vieta, Eduard; Vincent, John B.; Werge, Thomas; Nurnberger, John I.; Wray, Naomi R.; Di Florio, Arianna; Edenberg, Howard J.; Cichon, Sven; Ophoff, Roel A.; Scott, Laura J.; Andreassen, Ole A.; Kelsoe, John; Sklar, Pamela (2019): Genome-wide association study identifies 30 loci associated with bipolar disorder. In: Nature Genetics, Vol. 51, No. 5 |
Abstract
Bipolar disorder is a highly heritable psychiatric disorder. We performed a genome-wide association study (GWAS) including 20,352 cases and 31,358 controls of European descent, with follow-up analysis of 822 variants with P < 1 x 10(-4) in an additional 9,412 cases and 137,760 controls. Eight of the 19 variants that were genome-wide significant (P < 5 x 10(-8)) in the discovery GWAS were not genome-wide significant in the combined analysis, consistent with small effect sizes and limited power but also with genetic heterogeneity. In the combined analysis, 30 loci were genome-wide significant, including 20 newly identified loci. The significant loci contain genes encoding ion channels, neurotransmitter transporters and synaptic components. Pathway analysis revealed nine significantly enriched gene sets, including regulation of insulin secretion and endocannabinoid signaling. Bipolar I disorder is strongly genetically correlated with schizophrenia, driven by psychosis, whereas bipolar II disorder is more strongly correlated with major depressive disorder. These findings address key clinical questions and provide potential biological mechanisms for bipolar disorder.
Item Type: | Journal article |
---|---|
Faculties: | Medicine |
Subjects: | 600 Technology > 610 Medicine and health |
ISSN: | 1061-4036 |
Language: | English |
ID Code: | 80054 |
Deposited On: | 15. Dec 2021 14:51 |
Last Modified: | 15. Dec 2021 14:51 |
- BASE
- Stahl, Eli A.
- Breen, Gerome
- Forstner, Andreas J.
- McQuillin, Andrew
- Ripke, Stephan
- Trubetskoy, Vassily
- Mattheisen, Manuel
- Wang, Yunpeng
- Coleman, Jonathan R. I.
- Gaspar, Helena A.
- de Leeuw, Christiaan A.
- Steinberg, Stacy
- Pavlides, Jennifer M. Whitehead
- Trzaskowski, Maciej
- Byrne, Enda M.
- Pers, Tune H.
- Holmans, Peter A.
- Richards, Alexander L.
- Abbott, Liam
- Agerbo, Esben
- Akil, Huda
- Albani, Diego
- Alliey-Rodriguez, Ney
- Als, Thomas D.
- Anjorin, Adebayo
- Antilla, Verneri
- Awasthi, Swapnil
- Badner, Judith A.
- Baekvad-Hansen, Marie
- Barchas, Jack D.
- Bass, Nicholas
- Bauer, Michael
- Belliveau, Richard
- Bergen, Sarah E.
- Pedersen, Carsten Bocker
- Boen, Erlend
- Boks, Marco P.
- Boocock, James
- Budde, Monika
- Bunney, William
- Burmeister, Margit
- Bybjerg-Grauholm, Jonas
- Byerley, William
- Casas, Miquel
- Cerrato, Felecia
- Cervantes, Pablo
- Chambert, Kimberly
- Charney, Alexander W.
- Chen, Danfeng
- Churchhouse, Claire
- Clarke, Toni-Kim
- Coryell, William
- Craig, David W.
- Cruceanu, Cristiana
- Curtis, David
- Czerski, Piotr M.
- Dale, Anders M.
- de Jong, Simone
- Degenhardt, Franziska
- Del-Favero, Jurgen
- DePaulo, J. Raymond
- Djurovic, Srdjan
- Dobbyn, Amanda L.
- Dumont, Ashley
- Elvsashagen, Torbjorn
- Escott-Price, Valentina
- Fan, Chun Chieh
- Fischer, Sascha B.
- Flickinger, Matthew
- Foroud, Tatiana M.
- Forty, Liz
- Frank, Josef
- Fraser, Christine
- Freimer, Nelson B.
- Frisen, Louise
- Gade, Katrin
- Gage, Diane
- Garnham, Julie
- Giambartolomei, Claudia
- Pedersen, Marianne Giortz
- Goldstein, Jaqueline
- Gordon, Scott D.
- Gordon-Smith, Katherine
- Green, Elaine K.
- Green, Melissa J.
- Greenwood, Tiffany A.
- Grove, Jakob
- Guan, Weihua
- Guzman-Parra, Jose
- Hamshere, Marian L.
- Hautzinger, Martin
- Heilbronner, Urs
- Herms, Stefan
- Hipolito, Maria
- Hoffmann, Per
- Holland, Dominic
- Huckins, Laura
- Jamain, Stephane
- Johnson, Jessica S.
- Jureus, Anders
- Kandaswamy, Radhika
- Karlsson, Robert
- Kennedy, James L.
- Kittel-Schneider, Sarah
- Knowles, James A.
- Kogevinas, Manolis
- Koller, Anna C.
- Kupka, Ralph
- Lavebratt, Catharina
- Lawrence, Jacob
- Lawson, William B.
- Leber, Markus
- Lee, Phil H.
- Levy, Shawn E.
- Li, Jun Z.
- Liu, Chunyu
- Lucae, Susanne
- Maaser, Anna
- MacIntyre, Donald J.
- Mahon, Pamela B.
- Maier, Wolfgang
- Martinsson, Lina
- McCarroll, Steve
- McGuffin, Peter
- McInnis, Melvin G.
- Mckay, James D.
- Medeiros, Helena
- Medland, Sarah E.
- Meng, Fan
- Milani, Lili
- Montgomery, Grant W.
- Morris, Derek W.
- Muhleisen, Thomas W.
- Mullins, Niamh
- Nguyen, Hoang
- Nievergelt, Caroline M.
- Adolfsson, Annelie Nordin
- Nwulia, Evaristus A.
- O'Donovan, Claire
- Loohuis, Loes M. Olde
- Ori, Anil P. S.
- Oruc, Lilijana
- Osby, Urban
- Perlis, Roy H.
- Perry, Amy
- Andrea, Pfennig
- Potash, James B.
- Purcell, Shaun M.
- Regeer, Eline J.
- Reif, Andreas
- Reinbold, Celine S.
- Rice, John P.
- Rivas, Fabio
- Rivera, Margarita
- Roussos, Panos
- Ruderfer, Douglas M.
- Ryu, Euijung
- Sanchez-Mora, Cristina
- Schatzberg, Alan F.
- Scheftner, William A.
- Schork, Nicholas J.
- Weickert, Cynthia Shannon
- Shehktman, Tatyana
- Shilling, Paul D.
- Sigurdsson, Engilbert
- Slaney, Claire
- Smeland, Olav B.
- Sobell, Janet L.
- Hansen, Christine Soholm
- Spijker, Anne T.
- St Clair, David
- Steffens, Michael
- Strauss, John S.
- Streit, Fabian
- Strohmaier, Jana
- Szelinger, Szabolcs
- Thompson, Robert C.
- Thorgeirsson, Thorgeir E.
- Treutlein, Jens
- Vedder, Helmut
- Wang, Weiqing
- Watson, Stanley J.
- Weickert, Thomas W.
- Witt, Stephanie H.
- Xi, Simon
- Xu, Wei
- Young, Allan H.
- Zandi, Peter
- Zhang, Peng
- Zollner, Sebastian
- Adolfsson, Rolf
- Agartz, Ingrid
- Alda, Martin
- Backlund, Lena
- Baune, Bernhard T.
- Bellivier, Frank
- Berrettini, Wade H.
- Biernacka, Joanna M.
- Blackwood, Douglas H. R.
- Boehnke, Michael
- Borglum, Anders D.
- Corvin, Aiden
- Craddock, Nicholas
- Daly, Mark J.
- Dannlowski, Udo
- Esko, Tonu
- Etain, Bruno
- Frye, Mark
- Fullerton, Janice M.
- Gershon, Elliot S.
- Gill, Michael
- Goes, Fernando
- Grigoroiu-Serbanescu, Maria
- Hauser, Joanna
- Hougaard, David M.
- Hultman, Christina M.
- Jones, Ian
- Jones, Lisa A.
- Kahn, Rene S.
- Kirov, George
- Landen, Mikael
- Leboyer, Marion
- Lewis, Cathryn M.
- Li, Qingqin S.
- Lissowska, Jolanta
- Martin, Nicholas G.
- Mayoral, Fermin
- McElroy, Susan L.
- McIntosh, Andrew M.
- McMahon, Francis J.
- Melle, Ingrid
- Metspalu, Andres
- Mitchell, Philip B.
- Morken, Gunnar
- Mors, Ole
- Mortensen, Preben Bo
- Muller-Myhsok, Bertram
- Myers, Richard M.
- Neale, Benjamin M.
- Nimgaonkar, Vishwajit
- Nordentoft, Merete
- Noethen, Markus M.
- O'Donovan, Michael C.
- Oedegaard, Ketil J.
- Owen, Michael J.
- Paciga, Sara A.
- Pato, Carlos
- Pato, Michele T.
- Posthuma, Danielle
- Ramos-Quiroga, Josep Antoni
- Ribases, Marta
- Rietschel, Marcella
- Rouleau, Guy A.
- Schalling, Martin
- Schofield, Peter R.
- Schulze, Thomas G.
- Serretti, Alessandro
- Smoller, Jordan W.
- Stefansson, Hreinn
- Stefansson, Kari
- Stordal, Eystein
- Sullivan, Patrick F.
- Turecki, Gustavo
- Vaaler, Arne E.
- Vieta, Eduard
- Vincent, John B.
- Werge, Thomas
- Nurnberger, John I.
- Wray, Naomi R.
- Di Florio, Arianna
- Edenberg, Howard J.
- Cichon, Sven
- Ophoff, Roel A.
- Scott, Laura J.
- Andreassen, Ole A.
- Kelsoe, John
- Sklar, Pamela
- Google Scholar
- Stahl, Eli A.
- Breen, Gerome
- Forstner, Andreas J.
- McQuillin, Andrew
- Ripke, Stephan
- Trubetskoy, Vassily
- Mattheisen, Manuel
- Wang, Yunpeng
- Coleman, Jonathan R. I.
- Gaspar, Helena A.
- de Leeuw, Christiaan A.
- Steinberg, Stacy
- Pavlides, Jennifer M. Whitehead
- Trzaskowski, Maciej
- Byrne, Enda M.
- Pers, Tune H.
- Holmans, Peter A.
- Richards, Alexander L.
- Abbott, Liam
- Agerbo, Esben
- Akil, Huda
- Albani, Diego
- Alliey-Rodriguez, Ney
- Als, Thomas D.
- Anjorin, Adebayo
- Antilla, Verneri
- Awasthi, Swapnil
- Badner, Judith A.
- Baekvad-Hansen, Marie
- Barchas, Jack D.
- Bass, Nicholas
- Bauer, Michael
- Belliveau, Richard
- Bergen, Sarah E.
- Pedersen, Carsten Bocker
- Boen, Erlend
- Boks, Marco P.
- Boocock, James
- Budde, Monika
- Bunney, William
- Burmeister, Margit
- Bybjerg-Grauholm, Jonas
- Byerley, William
- Casas, Miquel
- Cerrato, Felecia
- Cervantes, Pablo
- Chambert, Kimberly
- Charney, Alexander W.
- Chen, Danfeng
- Churchhouse, Claire
- Clarke, Toni-Kim
- Coryell, William
- Craig, David W.
- Cruceanu, Cristiana
- Curtis, David
- Czerski, Piotr M.
- Dale, Anders M.
- de Jong, Simone
- Degenhardt, Franziska
- Del-Favero, Jurgen
- DePaulo, J. Raymond
- Djurovic, Srdjan
- Dobbyn, Amanda L.
- Dumont, Ashley
- Elvsashagen, Torbjorn
- Escott-Price, Valentina
- Fan, Chun Chieh
- Fischer, Sascha B.
- Flickinger, Matthew
- Foroud, Tatiana M.
- Forty, Liz
- Frank, Josef
- Fraser, Christine
- Freimer, Nelson B.
- Frisen, Louise
- Gade, Katrin
- Gage, Diane
- Garnham, Julie
- Giambartolomei, Claudia
- Pedersen, Marianne Giortz
- Goldstein, Jaqueline
- Gordon, Scott D.
- Gordon-Smith, Katherine
- Green, Elaine K.
- Green, Melissa J.
- Greenwood, Tiffany A.
- Grove, Jakob
- Guan, Weihua
- Guzman-Parra, Jose
- Hamshere, Marian L.
- Hautzinger, Martin
- Heilbronner, Urs
- Herms, Stefan
- Hipolito, Maria
- Hoffmann, Per
- Holland, Dominic
- Huckins, Laura
- Jamain, Stephane
- Johnson, Jessica S.
- Jureus, Anders
- Kandaswamy, Radhika
- Karlsson, Robert
- Kennedy, James L.
- Kittel-Schneider, Sarah
- Knowles, James A.
- Kogevinas, Manolis
- Koller, Anna C.
- Kupka, Ralph
- Lavebratt, Catharina
- Lawrence, Jacob
- Lawson, William B.
- Leber, Markus
- Lee, Phil H.
- Levy, Shawn E.
- Li, Jun Z.
- Liu, Chunyu
- Lucae, Susanne
- Maaser, Anna
- MacIntyre, Donald J.
- Mahon, Pamela B.
- Maier, Wolfgang
- Martinsson, Lina
- McCarroll, Steve
- McGuffin, Peter
- McInnis, Melvin G.
- Mckay, James D.
- Medeiros, Helena
- Medland, Sarah E.
- Meng, Fan
- Milani, Lili
- Montgomery, Grant W.
- Morris, Derek W.
- Muhleisen, Thomas W.
- Mullins, Niamh
- Nguyen, Hoang
- Nievergelt, Caroline M.
- Adolfsson, Annelie Nordin
- Nwulia, Evaristus A.
- O'Donovan, Claire
- Loohuis, Loes M. Olde
- Ori, Anil P. S.
- Oruc, Lilijana
- Osby, Urban
- Perlis, Roy H.
- Perry, Amy
- Andrea, Pfennig
- Potash, James B.
- Purcell, Shaun M.
- Regeer, Eline J.
- Reif, Andreas
- Reinbold, Celine S.
- Rice, John P.
- Rivas, Fabio
- Rivera, Margarita
- Roussos, Panos
- Ruderfer, Douglas M.
- Ryu, Euijung
- Sanchez-Mora, Cristina
- Schatzberg, Alan F.
- Scheftner, William A.
- Schork, Nicholas J.
- Weickert, Cynthia Shannon
- Shehktman, Tatyana
- Shilling, Paul D.
- Sigurdsson, Engilbert
- Slaney, Claire
- Smeland, Olav B.
- Sobell, Janet L.
- Hansen, Christine Soholm
- Spijker, Anne T.
- St Clair, David
- Steffens, Michael
- Strauss, John S.
- Streit, Fabian
- Strohmaier, Jana
- Szelinger, Szabolcs
- Thompson, Robert C.
- Thorgeirsson, Thorgeir E.
- Treutlein, Jens
- Vedder, Helmut
- Wang, Weiqing
- Watson, Stanley J.
- Weickert, Thomas W.
- Witt, Stephanie H.
- Xi, Simon
- Xu, Wei
- Young, Allan H.
- Zandi, Peter
- Zhang, Peng
- Zollner, Sebastian
- Adolfsson, Rolf
- Agartz, Ingrid
- Alda, Martin
- Backlund, Lena
- Baune, Bernhard T.
- Bellivier, Frank
- Berrettini, Wade H.
- Biernacka, Joanna M.
- Blackwood, Douglas H. R.
- Boehnke, Michael
- Borglum, Anders D.
- Corvin, Aiden
- Craddock, Nicholas
- Daly, Mark J.
- Dannlowski, Udo
- Esko, Tonu
- Etain, Bruno
- Frye, Mark
- Fullerton, Janice M.
- Gershon, Elliot S.
- Gill, Michael
- Goes, Fernando
- Grigoroiu-Serbanescu, Maria
- Hauser, Joanna
- Hougaard, David M.
- Hultman, Christina M.
- Jones, Ian
- Jones, Lisa A.
- Kahn, Rene S.
- Kirov, George
- Landen, Mikael
- Leboyer, Marion
- Lewis, Cathryn M.
- Li, Qingqin S.
- Lissowska, Jolanta
- Martin, Nicholas G.
- Mayoral, Fermin
- McElroy, Susan L.
- McIntosh, Andrew M.
- McMahon, Francis J.
- Melle, Ingrid
- Metspalu, Andres
- Mitchell, Philip B.
- Morken, Gunnar
- Mors, Ole
- Mortensen, Preben Bo
- Muller-Myhsok, Bertram
- Myers, Richard M.
- Neale, Benjamin M.
- Nimgaonkar, Vishwajit
- Nordentoft, Merete
- Noethen, Markus M.
- O'Donovan, Michael C.
- Oedegaard, Ketil J.
- Owen, Michael J.
- Paciga, Sara A.
- Pato, Carlos
- Pato, Michele T.
- Posthuma, Danielle
- Ramos-Quiroga, Josep Antoni
- Ribases, Marta
- Rietschel, Marcella
- Rouleau, Guy A.
- Schalling, Martin
- Schofield, Peter R.
- Schulze, Thomas G.
- Serretti, Alessandro
- Smoller, Jordan W.
- Stefansson, Hreinn
- Stefansson, Kari
- Stordal, Eystein
- Sullivan, Patrick F.
- Turecki, Gustavo
- Vaaler, Arne E.
- Vieta, Eduard
- Vincent, John B.
- Werge, Thomas
- Nurnberger, John I.
- Wray, Naomi R.
- Di Florio, Arianna
- Edenberg, Howard J.
- Cichon, Sven
- Ophoff, Roel A.
- Scott, Laura J.
- Andreassen, Ole A.
- Kelsoe, John
- Sklar, Pamela